Within the framework of this study, a retrospective analysis of the appointment and serving of a sentence of imprisonment in Russia is carried out. The author analyzes a number of normative sources that have had a significant impact on punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, and also focuses on external factors against which the formation of the penitentiary system in Russia takes place. The article proposes the author’s vision of the key determinants of the development of the penitentiary system in general and punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty in particular. These determinants are, firstly, changes in the socio-economic and political life of society, and secondly, the refraction of the purpose of punishment depending on such changes. As the main result of the study, the author conducts a periodization of the history of the formation and development of punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty in the Russian state according to the criterion of changing the purpose of punishment. The author identifies four key stages in the history of punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, the transition between which is marked by fundamental refractions of the purpose of punishment. In turn, the change in the purpose of punishment is directly related to socio-political, socio-economic and cultural changes in the Russian state.
penitentiary system, prison, punishment, deprivation of liberty, history
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